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1CP2-P-7.1 Embedded systems and control

Part 1 of 6 · 1CP2-P-7 · Embedded systems, IoT and TCP/IP

The opening principles worksheet in the later progression, reading every embedded system as sensing, processing and acting.

Students will:

  • identify an embedded system from how it is built and used
  • compare an embedded system with a general-purpose computer
  • describe how sensor readings lead to an actuator response
  • explain why low power consumption matters in a wearable device
  • state an input, an output and the processor's role in a described system

Inside: 6 explanation cells, 3 multiple-choice questions, 1 fill-in-the-blanks cell and 4 written answers. 17 marks, about 45 minutes.

Series: 1CP2-P-7 · Embedded systems, IoT and TCP/IP, part 1 of 6.

Shared by Coding PathwayVerified teacher

  • 14 cells
  • About 45 minutes
  • CC BY-SA 4.0
  • Shared 17 Aug 2026

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The whole resource, exactly as a class sees it. Answers and marking are held back.

Embedded systems and control

An embedded system is a computer system built into a larger device to perform a specific task or control function. Unlike a general-purpose computer designed to run many user-selected applications, its hardware and software are selected for a narrow purpose.

1. Model sensing, processing and acting

Embedded control system feedback loopsensormeasures inputmicrocontrollerprocessor + memory + I/Oruns stored programactuatorcauses changedatasignalchanged environment is measured again

A sensor measures a physical property and provides input data. The processor applies the stored program and makes a decision. An actuator converts an output signal into a physical action. The cycle can repeat as the changed environment is sensed again.

Fill in the blanks3 marks
A gap 1 measures a physical property. The gap 2 processes its data using a stored program. An gap 3 causes a physical change.
  • actuator
  • microcontroller
  • router
  • sensor

2. Recognise the hardware

A microcontroller combines a processor, memory and input/output peripherals on one integrated circuit. An embedded system may also include sensors, actuators, buttons, displays, communication interfaces and a power supply. Its software is the instructions and data needed for the specific task.

Multiple choice1 mark

Which is the best example of an embedded system?

  • AA desktop computer used for games, documents and programming
  • BA washing-machine controller running the wash cycle
  • CA cloud server hosting many unrelated services
  • DA laptop on which users install any application
Written answer3 marks

Compare an embedded system with a general-purpose computer.

Give a purpose difference and a hardware/software consequence.

Students type their answer here.

3. Apply the model

In a greenhouse controller, a temperature sensor supplies readings. The microcontroller compares each reading with a programmed threshold. If the temperature is too high, it signals a motor actuator to open a vent. This is a complete answer chain: input → processing/decision → output action.

Written answer3 marks

Describe how an embedded system could control an automatic hand dryer.

Name the sensor input, processing decision and actuator output.

Students type their answer here.

4. Design for constraints

Embedded devices may need low cost, small physical size, reliability and low power consumption. Power is especially important for battery devices and systems that operate continuously: lower consumption can extend battery life, reduce heat and reduce running cost. A constrained design can still be highly capable for its one task.

Written answer2 marks

Explain why low power consumption matters in a wearable medical monitor.

Link power use to operation and consequence.

Students type their answer here.

Multiple choice1 mark

Which component turns a control signal into physical movement?

  • Asensor
  • Bactuator
  • Cmemory address
  • Dprotocol
Written answer3 marks

A car has an embedded anti-lock braking system. State one input and one output, and explain the processor's role.

Keep the chain specific to wheel braking.

Students type their answer here.

Multiple choice1 mark

Which statement is accurate?

  • AEvery embedded system must connect to the internet.
  • BAn embedded system combines suitable hardware and software for a specific task.
  • CAn embedded system cannot contain memory.
  • DA sensor always causes the physical action directly.

Route forward

You can identify embedded systems, describe their hardware/software and explain sensor–processor–actuator control. Next you will examine connected embedded systems in the Internet of Things.